Introduction
1 Environmental Law in Brazil: Historical Path and Current Outlook
1 Historical Evolution of Environmental Law in Brazil
2 Principles of Environmental Law
2.1 Principle of Sustainability or Sustainable Development
2.2 Principle of the Socio-Environmental Function of Property
2.3 Polluter Pays Principle
2.4 Prevention and Precautionary Principle
2.5 Principle of Publicity, Transparency or Access to Information in Environmental Matters
2.6 Principle of Public Participation
2.7 Principle of Non-Regression
2.8 Principle of "In Dubio Pro Natura"
3 Environmental Constitutionalism in Brazil
4 Legal Regime of Environmental Assets in Brazilian Law
5 Animal Protection and Animal Rights
6 Environmental Federalism
6.1 Material or Administrative Competence
6.1.1 Exclusive Administrative Competence of the Federal Government
6.1.2 Remaining or Residual State Authority
6.1.3 Administrative Competence of Municipalities
6.1.4 Federative Cooperation and the Supplementary Law N. 140/2011
6.2 Legislative Competence
6.2.1 Exclusive Legislative Competence of the National Congress (Federal Government)
6.2.2 Remaining or Residual Legislative Competence of the States
6.2.3 Concurrent Legislative Competence
6.2.4 Supplementary Legislative Competence of Municipalities
7 National Environmental Policy and National Environmental System
7.1 National Environmental System (SISNAMA)
7.1.1 The National Council for the Environment (CONAMA)
7.2 Executing, Sectional and Local Agencies
7.3 The Role of Other Public Administrative Bodies and Regulatory Agencies
8 Administrative Tools for Environmental Regulation
8.1 Administrative Enforcement of Environmental Law: Administrative Violations and Penalties
8.1.1 Legal Regime of Administrative Liability
8.1.2 The Principle of Legality
8.1.3 Liable Party
8.1.4 Enforcement Authorities
8.1.5 Duty of Surveillance by the Public Authorities
8.1.6 Administrative Penalties Against Environmental Violations
8.1.7 Due Administrative Process, Time Limitations and Judicial Review
8.2 Environmental Licensing and Environmental Impact Assessment
8.2.1 Activities Subject to Environmental Licensing
8.2.2 Federative Competence for Environmental Licensing
8.2.2.1 Common Jurisdiction and Cooperative Federalism
8.2.2.2 Authority Allocation According to Supplementary Law N. 140/11
8.2.3 Types of Environmental Licenses
8.2.4 License Expiration Lengths and Deadlines for License Application Decisions
8.2.5 License Amendment and Withdrawal
8.2.6 Environmental Studies and Environmental Impact Assessment
8.2.6.1 Cases in Which the Environmental Impact Assessment Must be Prepared
8.2.6.2 Publicity of the Environmental Impact Assessment and the Environmental Impact Report
8.2.6.3 Public Hearings
8.3 Land Use Regulation and Environmental Zoning
9 Environmental Civil Liability
9.1 Legal Regime of Environmental Civil Liability
9.2 Requirements for Recognizing Civil Liability for Environmental Harm
9.2.1 Health and Environmental Risk Activity
9.2.2 Cause and Effect Correlation
9.2.3 Environmental Risk and Harm
9.2.4 Damages for Collective Nonpecuniary Loss
9.2.5 Destination of the Indemnification Amount
9.2.6 State Liability for Environmental Damage
10 Environmental Criminal Liability
11 Environmental Law in Court
11.1 Main Features of the Brazilian Judicial System
11.2 Environmental Courts
11.3 Class Actions and Public Interest Litigation in Brazil
11.1 Legal Lawsuits for Environmental Protection
11.1.1 Public Civil Suit
11.1.2 People's Legal Suit
11.1.3 Constitutional Suits
11.2 Judicial Deference and the Scope of Judicial Review
12 Specially Protected Areas
12.1 Nature Conservation Units' System
12.2 Forest Protection Code
12.2.1 Main Features of the 2012 Forest Protection Code
12.2.2 Permanent Preservation Areas
12.2.3 Rural Property Preservation Area
12.2.4 Regulating the Use of Fire in Farming Activities
12.2.5 Regularization of Non-Compliant Activities
13 Climate Change Law and Climate Change Litigation
13.1 The Awakening to a New Crisis: The Greenhouse Effect
13.2 The International Response to the Climate Crisis
13.3 Brazilian Law on Climate Change
13.4 Climate Litigation in Brazil
14 National Water Resources Policy
14.1 Constitutional and Legal Protection of Water Resources
14.2 Administrative and Legislative Competence
14.3 National Policy on Water Resources
14.4 Allocation of Water Resources
14.5 Charging for the Use of Water Resources
14.6 Water Resource Use Regulation
Conclusion
List of Acronyms
Bibliography.